Abstract:Lupus nephritis (LN) is a serious complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that frequently leads to mortality for SLE patients. New noninvasive biomarkers play a crucial role in the dynamic diagnosis and activity monitoring of LN. In order to provide valuable insights for the diagnosis, disease activity monitoring, and prognosis evaluation of LN, this review evaluates noninvasive biomarkers, including proteins, cytokines, and extracellular vesicle-associated miRNAs from blood and urine.
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